Numerical Taxonomy (Principles Example) Cladogram Phylogeny DNA barcoding Biology

Numerical Taxonomy (Principles Example) Cladogram Phylogeny DNA barcoding Biology

Numerical Taxonomy:

1)Numerical taxonomy :-

is one of the system of classification in biological systematics in which there is grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units and develops and algorithm for classification.

2)This system is based on quantification.

3)The main aim of this taxonomic was to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster analysis( grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in same group )rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties .

4)Numerical taxonomy was first proposed by Sokel and Sneath in 1963.

Algorithms: A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or for solving problems by using. a  computer.

Cladogram:

1) Cladogram is a typical branching pattern as we seen in previous figure of phylogenetic descent in which there are three domains of life is a cladogram denoting a comparison of organisms and their common ancestor.

2) It generally means that how the groups of organism being compared. How they are related with their most common ancestor. For e.g:

In  this fig. bacteria , archaea, and eukaryota  are cladogram with common ancestor. In this way group of organisms are being compared for simplification identification .

Phylogeny:

1)Phylogeny deals with gradual changes and relationship of organisms.

2) It is very important tool in  classifying relationship of one group of organism with other groups of life but not morphologically status.

3) Phylogeny helps to  understand the evolution and also focuses on similarities of their metabolic functioning.

4) The best examples  of phylogenetic relationships are Woese  three domains concept as well as  Whittaker's five kingdom system.

5) In this  systems the organisms are classified according to their characteristics and properties.

DNA barcoding:

DNA barcoding is the method of species  of identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes .

It's a new method for identification of any species based on sequence of DNA from a tiny tissue (group of cells) sample of the organism under study

DNA barcoding is technique used to understand ecological and evolutionary relationship between living beings.

There are two basic steps in DNA barcoding they are as follows:

a) Collecting DNA barcode data of known species.

b) Matching the barcode sequence of unknown sample against the barcode library for identification By this we can easily do DNA barcoding.

Applications of DNA barcoding:

1) DNA barcoding used to preserve natural resources.
2) For identifying disease.
3) For identification of medicinal plants.
4) Pest control in agriculture.
5) Authentication of natural health products.

Question and Answers

Question no.1) Which characters of organism are visible characters?

Ans: The phenotypic  characteristic is visible characters of organisms which can be seen  by physical means from outside.

They are easily observable and measurable .They are as follows colour ,size ,shape, height and body weight, hair colour , eye color, etc.

Question no.2) Name the recent approaches in Taxonomy?

Ans:

a)Chemotaxonomy,

b) numerical taxonomy morphotaxonomy,.

c) Cytotaxonomy and

d)molecular taxonomy are some of the recent approaches in taxonomy.

Question no. 3) What is DNA barcoding?

Ans: DNA barcoding is a method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes.

Question no .4) What is evolution?

Ans: Evolution means the gradual changes that we see in living beings and ,how they deal with them and make a new way to solve it .

The changes from no. Of past years is called as "Evolution." The evolution of human beings theory was proposed by Charles Darwin in this he   showh that how humans came into existence.

Question no.5) Enlist uses of taxonomy?

Ans: The uses of Taxonomy are as follows:

1) For identification of species.

2) To classify organisms according to their characteristics.

3) To enlist newly found species in Taxonomy.

4) It helps scientist to understand and organize the diversity of life on our planet.

Team Inlogicalmath